The origins of the Palio date back to the Late Middle Ages. This tradition is a horse race held twice a year in the city of Siena, in Tuscany. The competition involves the 17 contrade (districts) into which the historic city center is divided; each is represented by a stallion, chosen by lot, and a jockey. The race itself lasts only a few minutes, but it provides a reason for events and initiatives throughout the year. The term "palio," which today refers to the entire event, is actually the name of the banner (palio, from Latin pallium meaning "cloth") awarded to the winning contrada. A special banner is created for each event, sometimes with the participation of famous artists. The Palio does not offer monetary prizes.
The Palio in Siena is held twice a year — on July 2nd and August 16th. The Palio on July 2nd is dedicated to the Madonna di Provenzano (patroness of Siena), and on August 16th — to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Assunta).
The race involves three full laps around the Piazza del Campo, Siena's main square, which is specially covered with a mixture of tuff, clay, and sand. The participating horses enter the square in a specific order, also determined by lot, awaiting the start command ("mossa") given by a special judge ("mossiere"). During the race, if a jockey falls and the horse finishes without him ("cavallo scosso" — "bare horse" in racing jargon), the participation still counts.
Admission to watch the Palio is free, but to secure a spot on the Piazza del Campo, one must arrive many hours before the start.